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Table 1 Paired t test results for kinematics and ecology pre- and post-test scores

From: Identifying middle school students’ challenges in computational thinking-based science learning

Kinematics

Ecology

Pre-test (SD) (max = 24)

Post-test (SD) (max = 24)

t value

P value (two-tailed)

Effect size (Cohen’s d)

Pre-test (SD) (max = 35.5)

Post-test (SD) (max = 35.5)

t value

P value (two-tailed)

Effect size (Cohen’s d)

18.07 (2.05)

19.6 (2.29)

0.699

<0.05

0.71

13.03 (5.35)

29.4 (4.99)

8.664

<0.001

3.16