Table 4 Summary of Kendall’s W test on students’ perceptions of the AR lessons and the simulators

Laparoscopic surgery

Tablets

Authenticity

12.09

1.91

1.75

0.06

3.77

2

<0.15

Engagement

12.81

1.66

2.13

Motivation

12.38

2.93

2.13

Simulators

Authenticity

10.88

2.79

1.31

0.48

30.66

2

<0.001

Moti > Authen (p < 0.001)

Engagement

12.81

3.11

2.48

Enga > Authen (p < 0.001)

Motivation

12.88

1.68

2.20

Cardiac catheterization

Tablets

Authenticity

11.59

1.66

1.66

0.13

8.53

2

<0.01

Enga > Authen (p < 0.018)

Engagement

12.59

1.54

2.25

Motivation

12.03

2.87

2.09

Simulators

Authenticity

11.03

2.74

1.30

0.49

31.19

2

<0.001

Moti > Authen (p < 0.001)

Engagement

12.97

2.80

2.47

Enga>Authen (p < 0.001)

Motivation

12.69

1.45

2.23