Table 7 Summary of the guidelines of implementing K-12 flipped classrooms

Student-related challenges

1. Opening up teacher-student communication before flipping

2. Demonstrating students how to learn through flipped classroom

3. Using cognitive theory of multimedia learning to guide video production

4. Retaining the workload when flipping a course

5. Providing students with communication platform outside the classroom

Faculty challenges

6. Enriching teachers’ knowledge of flipped classroom approach

7. Preparing flipped learning materials progressively

Operational challenges

8. Supporting the students who are limited by technology resources

9. Using LMS with gamification to monitor and motivate student learning

10. Providing institutional supports of operating flipped classrooms