Table 2 Psychological Scales of each question
No. of question | Psychological scale | Subscale |
|---|---|---|
1 | Intrinsic motivation | — |
2 | Self-efficacy | — |
3 | Task values | Interest value |
4–5 | Task values | Institutional utility value |
6–7 | Task values | Practical utility value |
8 | Task values | Private attainment value |
9–10 | Task values | Public attainment value |
11–14 | Grit | Perseverance of effort |
15–18 | Grit | Consistency of interest |
19–20 | Goal orientation | Mastery orientation |
21–22 | Goal orientation | Performance avoidance |
23–24 | Goal orientation | Performance approach |
25–27 | Multi-dimensional competitiveness | Instrumental competitiveness |
28–29 | Multi-dimensional competitiveness | Avoidance of competition |
30–31 | Multi-dimensional competitiveness | Never-give-up attitude |