Table 8 Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients between STEM learning strategy and learning behaviors

Next(p)

Prev(p)

AM(p)

DM(p)

AA(p)

AB(p)

STEM learning strategy

Organizing

0.31 (0.32)

0.08 (0.79)

0.22 (0.50)

0.30 (0.35)

0.26 (0.42)

0.08 (0.81)

Elaborating

0.18 (0.59)

0.05 (0.89)

0.15 (0.65)

0.25 (0.25)

0.18 (0.57)

−0.03 (0.92)

Repeating

− 0.25 (0.43)

− 0.05 (0.88)

− 0.28 (0.38)

− 0.26 (0.42)

− 0.09 (0.79)

0.37 (0.24)

Effort

− 0.43 (0.16)

− 0.16 (0.61)

− 0.44 (0.15)

− 0.47 (0.13)

− 0.21 (0.51)

0.24 (0.46)

Attention

0.05 (0.88)

0.43 (0.16)

0.33 (0.29)

0.15 (0.65)

0.54† (0.07)

0.06 (0.85)

Time management

0.03 (0.92)

0.27 (0.39)

0.23 (0.48)

0.17 (0.60)

0.40 (0.20)

0.17 (0.60)

Learning environment

− 0.42 (0.17)

− 0.43 (0.16)

− 0.54† (0.07)

− 0.52† (0.09)

− 0.51† (0.09)

− 0.18 (0.57)

Peer learning

0.02 (0.96)

−0.18 (0.58)

−0.13 (0.69)

0.07 (0.84)

−0.10 (0.75)

0.02 (0.95)

Using references

−0.00 (1.00)

−0.11 (0.74)

−0.11 (0.73)

0.02 (0.96)

0.24 (0.46)

0.09 (0.78)

Next(g)

Prev(g)

AM(g)

DM(g)

AA(g)

AB(g)

STEM learning strategy

Organizing

− 0.25 (0.43)

− 0.29 (0.37)

− 0.58* (0.05)

− 0.74** (0.01)

− 0.09 (0.78)

− 0.22 (0.49)

Elaborating

− 0.26 (0.42)

− 0.29 (0.37)

− 0.41 (0.19)

− 0.55† (0.06)

0.45 (0.15)

− 0.05 (0.87)

Repeating

0.51† (0.09)

0.61* (0.03)

0.24 (0.45)

0.19 (0.55)

0.31 (0.32)

0.46 (0.32)

Effort

0.56† (0.06)

0.75** (0.01)

0.28 (0.39)

0.24 (0.45)

0.18 (0.58)

0.39 (0.21)

Attention

0.34 (0.28)

0.24 (0.28)

0.27 (0.39)

0.157 (0.63)

0.09 (0.78)

0.03 (0.94)

Time management

− 0.20 (0.53)

0.12 (0.72)

− 0.33 (0.30)

− 0.44 (0.16)

− 0.14 (0.67)

0.08 (0.79)

Learning environment

0.19 (0.56)

0.42 (0.17)

0.32 (0.32)

0.25 (0.43)

0.36 (0.25)

0.58† (0.05)

Peer learning

− 0.04 (0.91)

0.25 (0.43)

0.02 (0.95)

0.02 (0.96)

0.13 (0.68)

0.26 (0.42)

Using references

0.17 (0.61)

0.09 (0.77)

− 0.42 (0.18)

− 0.43 (0.17)

0.09 (0.77)

0.05 (0.87)