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Table 1 Comparison of frame-based technique and multimedia-based technique

From: Web-based adaptive presentation techniques to enhance learning outcomes in higher education

Frame-based technique

Multimedia-based technique

Based on adaptive text (according to the context materials in this study, screenshots were included)

Based on adaptive multimedia

The content is presented in main and sub-frames, linked together by links and paths

The content is displayed in multimedia (text–interactive video–audio–images–infographic)

Sub-frames provide more explanation, examples, and exercises

More instructional media provides explanation, examples, and exercises

Frames are presented according to each student’s needs and preferences as well as based on previous knowledge

Multimedia is presented according to the preferred media for each student, as well as based on needs and previous experience