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Table. 1 The English tense–aspect system (adapted from Celce-Murcia and Larsen-Freeman (1999) and Larsen-Freeman and Celce-Murcia (2015)

From: Dr. Mosaik: a holistic framework for understanding the English tense–aspect system based on ontology engineering

Tense

Aspect

Simple

Perfect

Progressive

Perfect progressive

(inflected)

have (inflected) + past participle

be (inflected) + ing form

have (inflected) + been + ing form

Present

walk/walks

has/have walked

am/is/are walking

has/have been walking

Past

walked

had walked

was/were walking

had been walking

Future

willa walk

will have walked

will be walking

will have been walking

  1. aOther modals can be used to express future time; will is the most common