Table 4 Self-efficacy, perceived competence, and topic-interest statistics: mean (sd)
From: Investigating the causal relationships between badges and learning outcomes in SQL-Tutor
| Â | Self-efficacy | Perceived competence | Topic-interest | |||
| Â | Pretest | Posttest | Pretest | Posttest | Pretest | Posttest |
Control (16) | 3.56 (0.99) | 4.37 (1.86) | 5.33 (0.20) | 5.41 (0.11) | 4.56 (0.48) | 4.62 (0.39) |
Experimental (18) | 3.55 (1.57) | 3.88 (1.91) | 4.96 (0.24) | 4.5 (0.21) | 5.04 (0.47) | 4.47 (0.47) |