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Table 5 Comparing experimental group students who visited the badge page or not: mean (sd)

From: Investigating the causal relationships between badges and learning outcomes in SQL-Tutor

 

Seen badge page (23)

Not seen (19)

Significant

Pretest %

54.59 (25.05)

65.49 (21.88)

p = .22

Time-on-task (min)

365.30 (272.27)

195.32 (316.96)

U = 348.5, p < 0.001

Solved problems

47.48 (36.86)

29.47 (44.49)

U = 326.5, p < 0.01

Constraints

287.74 (60.98)

247.84 (75.82)

U = 299.5, p < 0.05

Badges

5.74 (.81)

5.05 (.78)

U = 317, p < 0.01

Student level

3.70 (1.72)

2.84 (1.39)

p = 0.07

Posttest %

n = 13; 4.38 (2.93)

n = 8; 5.88 (3.72)

p = 0.34