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Table 2 Descriptive statistics with means and standard deviations for study 2 (N = 163)

From: The impact of annotation on concrete and abstract visual representations in science education: testing the expertise reversal effect

 

Prior knowledge

Visual representation

Annotation

Mean

SD

N

Comprehension

High

Abstract

Annotation

7.55

0.88

20

   

Non-annotation

5.35

1.13

20

   

Total

6.45

1.50

40

  

Concrete

Annotation

5.28

1.38

21

   

Non-annotation

5.45

1.57

20

   

Total

5.36

1.46

41

 

Low

Abstract

Annotation

6.38

1.43

21

   

Non-annotation

5.23

0.99

21

   

Total

5.80

1.34

42

  

Concrete

Annotation

7.33

0.85

21

   

Non-annotation

5.73

0.80

19

   

Total

6.57

1.15

40

Problem Solving

High

Abstract

Annotation

7.60

1.14

20

   

Non-annotation

4.85

0.87

20

   

Total

6.22

1.71

40

  

Concrete

Annotation

5.90

1.89

21

   

Non-annotation

4.45

1.46

20

   

Total

5.19

1.83

41

 

Low

Abstract

Annotation

5.76

1.04

21

   

Non-annotation

5.09

1.17

21

   

Total

5.42

1.15

42

  

Concrete

Annotation

6.28

1.48

21

   

Non-annotation

4.63

1.34

19

   

Total

5.50

1.63

40

Z_Intrinsic

High

Abstract

Annotation

− 0.45

0.66

20

   

Non-annotation

− 0.26

1.20

20

   

Total

− 0.35

0.96

40

  

Concrete

Annotation

0.27

0.92

21

   

Non-annotation

0.20

0.84

20

   

Total

0.24

0.87

41

 

Low

Abstract

Annotation

0.42

1.05

21

   

Non-annotation

0.22

0.89

21

   

Total

0.32

0.96

42

  

Concrete

Annotation

− 0.36

0.70

21

   

Non-annotation

0.25

0.67

19

   

Total

− 0.07

0.75

40

Z_Extraneous

High

Abstract

Annotation

− 0.19

0.87

20

   

Non-annotation

0.08

0.38

20

   

Total

− 0.05

0.67

40

  

Concrete

Annotation

− 0.21

0.75

21

   

Non-annotation

0.11

0.66

20

   

Total

− 0.05

0.72

41

 

Low

Abstract

Annotation

1.80

0.34

21

   

Non-annotation

0.17

0.52

21

   

Total

0.99

0.93

42

  

Concrete

Annotation

− 0.60

0.86

21

   

Non-annotation

0.34

0.41

19

   

Total

− 0.15

0.83

40

Z_Germane

High

Abstract

Annotation

0.04

0.22

20

   

Non-annotation

− 0.18

0.20

20

   

Total

− 0.07

0.23

40

  

Concrete

Annotation

0.09

0.13

21

   

Non-annotation

0.03

0.15

20

   

Total

0.06

0.15

41

 

Low

Abstract

Annotation

− 0.04

0.22

21

   

Non-annotation

− 0.02

0.18

21

   

Total

− 0.03

0.20

42

  

Concrete

Annotation

0.33

0.15

21

   

Non-annotation

0.04

0.17

19

   

Total

0.04

0.16

40