| Prior knowledge | Visual representation | Annotation | Mean | SD | N |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Comprehension | High | Abstract | Annotation | 7.55 | 0.88 | 20 |
 |  |  | Non-annotation | 5.35 | 1.13 | 20 |
 |  |  | Total | 6.45 | 1.50 | 40 |
 |  | Concrete | Annotation | 5.28 | 1.38 | 21 |
 |  |  | Non-annotation | 5.45 | 1.57 | 20 |
 |  |  | Total | 5.36 | 1.46 | 41 |
 | Low | Abstract | Annotation | 6.38 | 1.43 | 21 |
 |  |  | Non-annotation | 5.23 | 0.99 | 21 |
 |  |  | Total | 5.80 | 1.34 | 42 |
 |  | Concrete | Annotation | 7.33 | 0.85 | 21 |
 |  |  | Non-annotation | 5.73 | 0.80 | 19 |
 |  |  | Total | 6.57 | 1.15 | 40 |
Problem Solving | High | Abstract | Annotation | 7.60 | 1.14 | 20 |
 |  |  | Non-annotation | 4.85 | 0.87 | 20 |
 |  |  | Total | 6.22 | 1.71 | 40 |
 |  | Concrete | Annotation | 5.90 | 1.89 | 21 |
 |  |  | Non-annotation | 4.45 | 1.46 | 20 |
 |  |  | Total | 5.19 | 1.83 | 41 |
 | Low | Abstract | Annotation | 5.76 | 1.04 | 21 |
 |  |  | Non-annotation | 5.09 | 1.17 | 21 |
 |  |  | Total | 5.42 | 1.15 | 42 |
 |  | Concrete | Annotation | 6.28 | 1.48 | 21 |
 |  |  | Non-annotation | 4.63 | 1.34 | 19 |
 |  |  | Total | 5.50 | 1.63 | 40 |
Z_Intrinsic | High | Abstract | Annotation | − 0.45 | 0.66 | 20 |
 |  |  | Non-annotation | − 0.26 | 1.20 | 20 |
 |  |  | Total | − 0.35 | 0.96 | 40 |
 |  | Concrete | Annotation | 0.27 | 0.92 | 21 |
 |  |  | Non-annotation | 0.20 | 0.84 | 20 |
 |  |  | Total | 0.24 | 0.87 | 41 |
 | Low | Abstract | Annotation | 0.42 | 1.05 | 21 |
 |  |  | Non-annotation | 0.22 | 0.89 | 21 |
 |  |  | Total | 0.32 | 0.96 | 42 |
 |  | Concrete | Annotation | − 0.36 | 0.70 | 21 |
 |  |  | Non-annotation | 0.25 | 0.67 | 19 |
 |  |  | Total | − 0.07 | 0.75 | 40 |
Z_Extraneous | High | Abstract | Annotation | − 0.19 | 0.87 | 20 |
 |  |  | Non-annotation | 0.08 | 0.38 | 20 |
 |  |  | Total | − 0.05 | 0.67 | 40 |
 |  | Concrete | Annotation | − 0.21 | 0.75 | 21 |
 |  |  | Non-annotation | 0.11 | 0.66 | 20 |
 |  |  | Total | − 0.05 | 0.72 | 41 |
 | Low | Abstract | Annotation | 1.80 | 0.34 | 21 |
 |  |  | Non-annotation | 0.17 | 0.52 | 21 |
 |  |  | Total | 0.99 | 0.93 | 42 |
 |  | Concrete | Annotation | − 0.60 | 0.86 | 21 |
 |  |  | Non-annotation | 0.34 | 0.41 | 19 |
 |  |  | Total | − 0.15 | 0.83 | 40 |
Z_Germane | High | Abstract | Annotation | 0.04 | 0.22 | 20 |
 |  |  | Non-annotation | − 0.18 | 0.20 | 20 |
 |  |  | Total | − 0.07 | 0.23 | 40 |
 |  | Concrete | Annotation | 0.09 | 0.13 | 21 |
 |  |  | Non-annotation | 0.03 | 0.15 | 20 |
 |  |  | Total | 0.06 | 0.15 | 41 |
 | Low | Abstract | Annotation | − 0.04 | 0.22 | 21 |
 |  |  | Non-annotation | − 0.02 | 0.18 | 21 |
 |  |  | Total | − 0.03 | 0.20 | 42 |
 |  | Concrete | Annotation | 0.33 | 0.15 | 21 |
 |  |  | Non-annotation | 0.04 | 0.17 | 19 |
 |  |  | Total | 0.04 | 0.16 | 40 |