Table 1 Validity and reliability of research variables using factor analysis and Cronbach's test

Willingness to share

1. I am willing to discuss new ideas with my classmates in the online course

2. I am willing to share knowledge that I acquire with my classmates in the online course

3. I am willing to share course materials with my classmates in the online platform

Ability to share

1. I find it easy to put what I know into words

2. I am confident in my ability to provide knowledge to my classmates

3. I am confident that my knowledge sharing would increase the performance of my classmates

Instructor support

1. My instructor supports us in sharing knowledge with other classmates

2. My instructor encourages us to discuss with other classmates

3. My instructor gives us a reward, such as verbal praise and score, when sharing knowledge with other classmates

Degree of competition

1. I feel that my final grade is dependent on a great extent on the relative performance of my classmates

2. I feel that my classmates have the potential to perform better than me

3. I feel that my classmates are my competitors

Technology availability

1. I often experience difficulties in accessing the existing communication channel for sharing knowledge

2. Tools and technology for sharing knowledge is available when it is needed

3. Whenever I want to share knowledge there are some IT tools available for sharing knowledge

Technology support

1. I am satisfied with the overall quality of tools and technology for sharing knowledge in our university

2. IT makes it easier for me to share knowledge with my classmates

3. Tools and technology for sharing knowledge can be customized to fit individual needs

Knowledge sharing

1. I usually share with my classmates the new knowledge that I acquire

2. I usually inform my classmates of what I am working on

3. I always tell my classmates whatever I know when they ask me