The engagement of students when learning to use a personal audio classifier to control robot cars in a computational thinking board game

Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning

Table 4 Paired-sample t test between the pre- and posttests of learning engagement with learning anxiety, playfulness, and enjoyment for the experimental and control groups

Scale	Group		N	Mean	SD	t
Learning anxiety	Experimental group	Pretest	31	3.24	0.44	− 3.87**
	Experimental group	Posttest	31	3.71	0.62
	Control group	Pretest	28	3.15	0.64	− 1.07
	Control group	Posttest	28	3.25	0.68
Learning playfulness	Experimental group	Pretest	31	3.05	0.30	− 2.88**
	Experimental group	Posttest	31	3.69	0.59
	Control group	Pretest	28	3.14	0.36	− 1.27
	Control group	Posttest	28	3.28	0.47
Learning enjoyment	Experimental group	Pretest	31	3.12	0.89	− 2.73*
	Experimental group	Posttest	31	3.48	0.96
	Control group	Pretest	28	2.90	0.69	− 2.98**
	Control group	Posttest	28	3.37	0.62