Table 2 Inclusion and exclusion criteria for selection
Criterion | Inclusion | Exclusion |
|---|---|---|
Definition of flipped classroom | The flipped classroom should at least include (1) the use of audio or video materials for students’ class preparation, and (2) regular face-to-face class meetings. | The flipped classroom that utilized only text-based materials in out-of-class learning activities, or did not have any regular face-to-face lessons. |
Participants | Students in K-12 education settings (e.g., elementary schools, secondary school, high school) | All other students outside the contexts of K-12 education (e.g., higher education, continuing education) |
Time period | January 1994 to September 2016. | The studies that outside the time period. |
Type of article | The studies must be empirical research published in peer-reviewed journals | The studies that were not peer reviewed |
Language | English | Non-English studies |