Table 8 Median, variance, and p value (between the intermediate class and the advanced class) for each explanatory variable in the intermediate class, advanced class, and overall

Q1

5

1.2811

4

1.1484

5

1.165

< 0.01

Q2

4

1.214

4

0.8352

5

1.3359

n.s.

Q3

6

1.8699

5.5

1.8242

6

1.9167

n.s.

Q4

5

2.512

3

1.9176

5

1.79

< 0.001

Q5

5

1.894

4

1.3242

5

1.7645

< 0.01

Q6

5

2.0036

6

1.0549

5

1.9507

< 0.01

Q7

5

1.9816

6

0.9945

5

1.8206

< 0.001

Q8

4

1.8807

3.5

1.8077

5

1.8138

 0.1

Q9

5

2.2396

4

4.1319

5

1.5561

n.s.

Q10

6

1.34

4.5

2.4176

6

0.8206

< 0.05

Perseverance of Effort

19

20.6825

18.5

30.2692

19

18.2466

n.s.

Consistency of Interest

16

18.9263

15.5

12.7473

16

20.9728

n.s.

Mastery Orientation

12

3.171

11

6.533

12

2.1395

n.s.

Performance Avoidance

11

4.6452

11

5.456

11

4.5204

n.s.

Performance Approach

10

6.36

10

5.456

10

6.7083

n.s.

Instrumental Competitiveness

14

15.1567

13

14.5549

14

15.0825

n.s.

Avoidance of Competition

8

8.2401

7.5

9.9176

8

7.949

n.s.

Never-Give-Up Attitude

10

7.3692

9.5

8.5549

11

6.9209

n.s.

Interest Value

6

1.3292

5

2.2637

6

0.4991

< 0.001

Institutional Utility Value

11

5.3364

10.5

6.1538

12

4.8146

< 0.1

Practical Utility Value

12

4.8438

10.5

6.0275

12

4.1412

< 0.05

Private Attainment Value

4

2.3369

4

2.4396

5

2.2066

< 0.1

Public Attainment Value

10

7.8761

11

5.8022

10

8.375

n.s.

Self-efficacy

4

2.6288

1.5

2.5275

5

1.4396

< 0.001

Intrinsic Motivation

4

2.2202

4.5

2.1319

4

2.2789

n.s.

AOJ

17

52.0312

14

20.9945

18

46.517

< 0.001

Difficulty Level 1 (AOJ)

13

6.1429

13

13.9396

13

3.8019

n.s.

Difficulty Level 2 (AOJ)

4

8.085

1

1.6044

5

6.5978

< 0.001

Difficulty Level 3 (AOJ)

0

7.6912

0

0

1

8.5051

< 0.001

Difficulty Level 4 (AOJ)

0

1.53

0

0

0

1.9218

n.s.

isSolved

79.29

344.16

82.51

37.6

74.79

406.57

< 0.05

LOC

74.71

350.43

79.49

46.1

70.74

415.93

< 0.05

Boolean Expression Complexity

74.82

361.24

78.43

52.8

71.32

429.5

< 0.05

Class Data Abstraction Coupling

76.38

327.24

80.09

44

73.18

390.86

< 0.05

Class Fan Out Complexity

78.71

318.34

81.54

35.22

72.44

378.92

< 0.05

Cyclomatic Complexity

77.68

353.01

81.38

38.52

71

417.03

< 0.05

Executable Statement Count

75.65

358.41

80.66

41.81

70.32

422.71

< 0.05

Max Len File

75.91

334.89

78.84

49.28

71.15

397.93

< 0.05

Max Len Method

77.53

312.96

80.97

35.52

74.32

372.57

< 0.05

Max Line Len

79.88

296.87

82.03

27.47

77.03

351.78

< 0.05

Max Outer Types

81.97

318.33

84.16

24.24

76.71

373.56

< 0.05

Max Param

80.82

316.14

85.24

23.76

76.76

369.61

< 0.05

NCSS Class

79.03

315.06

83.22

31.4

76.35

371.67

< 0.05

NCSS File

78.65

328.85

81.21

37.45

73.32

388.76

< 0.05

NCSS Method

79.82

283.99

82.12

31.88

76.47

338.67

< 0.05

Npath Complexity

80.32

303.62

83.68

28.37

77.12

360.66

< 0.05

Too Many Methods

81.26

301.9

84.53

22.08

77.15

357.36

< 0.05

Hope Class

1

0.1083

1.75

0.2253

1

0.01

< 0.001