Direction of collaborative problem solving-based STEM learning by learning analytics approach

Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning

Table 1 Contents of the CPS and SLS questionnaires

Dimension	Factor	Content
CPS questionnaire
Social skills	Participation	Engagement with the tasks, the extent to which they attach importance to others’ opinions and interact with others.
	Perspective taking	Ability to integrate contributions from others into their own thoughts and reevaluate problems.
	Social regulation	Strategy of recognizing the diversity of group members and negotiating with members until mutual solutions are identified.
Cognitive skills	Task regulation	Ability to analyze the problem, manage resources, set clear goals, collect information, and seek various solutions to complex situations.
Cognitive skills	Learning and knowledge building	Ability to identify relationships between pieces of information, integrate knowledge from other fields or subjects, monitor outcomes, reflect on processes.
SLS questionnaire
Organizing		Organizing and summarizing the important points.
Elaborating		Connecting new scientific facts with earlier ones or practical applications.
Repeating		Learning and remembering scientific facts through repetition.
Effort		Making efforts to learn science and solve problems.
Attention		Concentration on learning science and solving problems.
Time management		Conducting individual learning or group work according to a schedule.
Learning environment		Being willing to study somewhere that makes it easy to concentrate or find references.
Peer learning		Collaborating with others when learning science and solving problems.
Using references		Using references for additional information.