Table 1 Social and cognitive CPS elements/sub-elements and indicative behaviours in the Laughing Clowns task

Interaction (social)

Interacts with the partner

Presence of chat before allowing the partner to make a move

Audience awareness (social)

Adapts contributions to increase understanding for the partner

Number of ball moves attempted before stopping and waiting for the partner to move or respond

Responsibility initiative (social)

Takes responsibility for progress for the group task

Number of times communicated with partner before the first half of the shared balls is used up

Resource management (cognitive)

Manages resources

Realises that 12 balls are meant to be shared and uses only allotted half

Relationships (cognitive)

Identifies connections and patterns between elements of knowledge

Two students come to an agreement on how their machine works