Table 3 The results of thematic analysis

High-fidelity simulation (autonomy)

Role playing simulation

Simulate the role

 According to the given task^g,j

 Align with learning objectives^g

 After understanding the content^a

Equipment simulation

Equipment simulation via

 Medical equipment^a

 Manikin^a

Authenticity of case scenario

Realistic case scenario that based on

 Real life experience^h,j

 Modify or de-identify from real data^f

 Their future practice^j,k

 Discussion with content expert^a

Inquisitive exploration (autonomy)

Stimulate curiosity in learning

Adding element of

 Randomness in selecting a task^c

 Uncertainty or suspense of the outcome^g

 Readiness in conducting any unknown task^j

 Anticipating consequent tasks after completion of the prior task^f

Emphasize on creating a creative problem-solving process rather than the finding solution^l

Provide positive learning environment

Encourage student

 To learn at their own pace^l

 To comments with an open mind and without criticism^l

Collaborative learning (relatedness)

Functional group dynamic

Encourage participation by

 Giving equal chance to participate^c

 Apply turn-taking mechanism^e

 Visualizing evidence of student participation^m

Setting a defined rule to

 Governed individual learning behaviour^l

 Limit dominant behaviour^c

Intergroup competition

Intergroup Compete to Complete a task^m

Intragroup cooperation

Intragroup active information sharing^m

Interactive instruction (autonomy)

Interactive learning tools

Blend the learning with the use of

 Graphical tools such as sketching or data presentation^l

 Audience response system such as TurningPoint, Kahoot, Socrative^g,n

 Mobile games^k

 Virtual reality system visualization^l

 Live animations^h

 Facebook or WhatsApp^m

 Email^m

 Discussion board^g

Challenging instruction

The instructional content is

 Setting multiple levels of goals that align with the learning outcome^a,k

 Applying various degree of difficulty that align with student levels of knowledge^k

Interesting narration

Narrative that based on

 Single long case scenario that is divided into smaller sections of story plots^g,f

 The use of memorable PBL characterⁱ

Guidance and feedback (competence)

Immediate constructive feedback

Feedback needs to be

 Immediate^g,h

 Continuous^g,h

 Visualized on the displayed board^g

 Converted into leader boardⁿ

Facilitation, task, and resource guidance

Provide students with

 Relevant learning material^f,g

 Guidance or structure to follow^j,l

 Hints on how to proceed next stage^k

 Warning to avoid mistakes^k

 Tutorial^k

Rewards (competence)

Task specific rewards

Appreciation given once performing or completing certain task^n,e,d

Realtime rewards

Appreciation given instantlyⁿ